English-influenced Judiciaries

In the Norman customs duty of feudalism, the monarch was the supreme landmanufacturing business - all title to real situation ultimately traced back to the cr confess of William I and his descendants. The king do land grants to the great lords; they in turn made grants to their own retainers, or vassals. Each grant created certain obligations for both landlord and renter: private courts were created to all oversee the performance of those duties. On the highest level, the great lords provided honorial courts to learn disputes among their titled vassals, the knights and lesser nobility. (Note: Norman vassals - the Saxon nobility were voiceless within a decade of the Conquest). The principal concern of such courts was the land grants that the vassals received in return for military expediency: the courts oversaw the rules of inheritance, marriage, and other matters that pertained to the land grants. The lawyerly proverb, "Justice is great profit," describes the prevailing incentive of feudal law (Bennett 197).

While the English nobility had their plebeian law evolve through the honorial courts, each vassal lord had his own manorial court to administer, whatever his position on the social scale (Hone 14). "He owes suit of court from trinity weeks to three weeks," feudal English law decreed (Bennett 195), and every manor had a local court with jurisdiction over the manor's serfs and freemen. Thu

Manorialism, also known as "seignorialism," was the economic, social and administrative system that prevailed in the Middle Ages. As practiced in England, manorialism had its origins in 4th century Continental atomic number 63, reached its zenith in the 11th and 12th centuries, and then began a spacious decline that ended in only with the dawning of the industrial Age; on the continent, it lingered in central and eastern Europe until the very late 19th century. Although manorialism varied from function to region - indeed, from manor to manor (Bennett 199) - it was essentially a system whereby the land, or manor, was owned by the lord via king's grant and was parceled out to someone peasants who farmed it.

In return, payments were made to the lord in the form of crops, serve and, as the non-urban economy grew more sophisticated, money.

Manorialism existed alongside feudalism, but should not be confused with it. Feudalism was the political and legal anatomical structure regulating the relations among the various levels of the nobility. Its structure stopped supra the level of the peasant. Moreover, early feudalism evolved from freely-chosen, nonheritable relations: the sapless gravitating to the strong, freely exchanging certain rights and freedoms for allegiance with and/or protection from stronger entities, be they individual warlords or alliances of same. Manorialism, by contrast, comprised inherited relations surrounded by peasants and their lords.

The actual practice of the manorial courts was as given to irregularities as the common law. Since heredity dictated the choice of manor lord, on that point was no guarantee of administrative ability among the landed nobility. In fact, the first line of protection the English peasant had from an keen manorial court was the prerogative of the crown. With the intent of centralizing their office base, the first Norman kings sought to improve on Continental feudalism by assigning their own sheriffs and coroners to the manor localities,
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