The cause of tenderheartedness disease is multifactorial. Although the corporal risk factor model is extremely important, the emotional fount of heart disease is equally important, though often underestimated. personal risk factors involved in CHD include cigarette smoking, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and promote cholesterol (Heog, 1997). Since it is agreed that chronic psychosocial tense up can send to unhealthy behaviors such as immoderate smoking and wrong diet, it is important to consider that a person's personality and reactivity to stress are key factors in heart disease. There is lovesome evidence that suggests a connection between psychological conflict, excessive or prolonged arousal and the etiology of coronary heart disease or systemic hypertension (Sinatra, 1987).
The Type A behavior pattern and hatred have been linked to CHD (Hemingway & Marmot, 1999). enquiry has also shown a correlation between hostility and full(prenominal) blood pressure (Jorgenson, Absul-Karim, Kuhan, & Frankowski, 1995). Elevated hostility can tinge to a reduction of social support, which has also been found to intercept environmental risk factors (Greenglass, 1996). Anger can lead to economic crisis and risk behaviors such as smoking, alcohol, and foods high in saturated fat, in search of relief (Allan & Scheidt, 1993). Though research regarding hostility and CH
The results of the Lifestyle Heart endeavor were met with some skepticism in the medical community. In particular, the fictitious character of the diet, which is unusually low in fat, and the curious fact that patronage favorable changes in weight and cholesterol, the observational group undergo elevated triglycerides, became points of contention. Miller (1999) observed that the 28 participants in the observational group experienced 25 cardiac events over quint years in spite of the absence of cigarette smoking.
The precedent suggests a possible link with the higher triglyceride levels, noting that fatty seek (a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids and lower triglycerides) were excluded from the Ornish diet, as were nuts which contain antioxidants. It is noteworthy, however, that the smaller control group (n = 20) experienced 48 cardiac events in the same five-year period. In effect, the experimental group experienced 0.89 cardiac episodes per patient, as compared to 2.25 episodes per patient in the control group. Furthermore, control group patients were more likely than their counterparts sideline the Ornish program to have undergone coronary angioplasty and bypass surgery and/or to have been hospitalized for coronary-related problems (Ornish et al., 1998).
Program participation elicited positive and coherent changes in the physical, psychosocial, and lifestyle dimensions essential to rehabilitation and secondary barroom of CAD (Lisspers et al., 1998). Dietary changes resulted in weight loss, lower cholesterol and triglycerides, and were combined with increased exercise tolerance. Of special importance to the benefaction study, participants experienced significant reductions in stress and in TABP, notably anger and hostility.
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